Most Popular Great Dane Dog Names In California

Does your dog ever growl when you walk by their food dish? Maybe they get possessive of treats, carrying them far away and giving you side-eye when you start to approach — or snarling at your other pets or children if they get too close.

Want clearer communication with your dog? It's easier than you think. Many owners find that hand signals, paired with verbal cues, work wonders. Dogs are naturally visual, often picking up on our body language faster than our words. In this post, we'll explore why hand signals are so effective, share some cool stats, and give you a handy list of dog commands and hand signals to start practicing today. Let's dive in!

* All Sniffspot articles are reviewed by certified trainers for quality, please see bottom of article for details *

You feel like you’ve tried everything… but you just can’t get your dog to listen. They still pee on the carpet or bark out the windows or run away when you call them at the park. It’s not this hard for your neighbor and his new puppy, right? Why is your dog so stubborn? Are you a bad pet parent? Are you doing something wrong?

Teaching your dog to lie down on cue is a game-changer. It's more than just a simple trick—a solid "down" creates a calmer, more responsive companion. This guide breaks down how to teach a dog to lie down, offering clear steps for dog owners of all experience levels. Whether you're navigating a busy Sniffspot or just chilling at home, a reliable down makes life easier for both of you. Let's get started.

You've got a herding dog? Get ready for some serious smarts—and maybe a little mischief. Breeds like Border Collies and Australian Shepherds are brilliant, but that intelligence can lead to some quirky herding dog behavior problems. This guide dives into the herding dog mind, exploring those unique traits and offering practical herding dog training tips. Let's build a stronger bond with your amazing herding dog, one step at a time.

Wish you had a dog trainer on speed dial? Dog training podcasts are the next best thing! They're a super convenient way to learn expert tips and tricks, whether you're housebreaking a puppy or dealing with a reactive rover. This article explores the best dog training podcasts out there, covering all kinds of training styles (all positive reinforcement, of course!). From your daily commute to your dog walk, turn any downtime into a dog training learning opportunity. Let's find the perfect dog training podcast for you!

Dogs bark. We all know that. But why do dogs bark? And how much barking is too much? If your dog's vocalizations are a little too enthusiastic (and your neighbors are starting to complain), this article is for you. We'll explore the reasons behind why dogs bark, how to tell if it's a problem, and offer practical tips to help manage excessive barking. From understanding why dogs bark at noises to finding the best strategies for a quieter home, we've got you covered.

Ever catch your dog spinning in circles, hot on the trail of their own tail? We've all seen it – that classic dog chasing tail maneuver. But why do they do it? Is it just playful silliness, or could it signal something more? This article explores the many reasons behind this common canine quirk, from simple boredom to potential medical concerns. We'll help you understand whether your dog's tail chasing is harmless fun or a sign you should seek professional advice.

Let's be honest, potty training a puppy is a rite of passage for every pet parent. It's full of ups, downs, and the occasional accident. You're probably wondering, "How long does it take to house train a puppy?" I get it – you want to enjoy your furry friend without the constant worry. This guide gives you a realistic timeline and practical tips for puppy potty training, so you can ditch the cleaning supplies and start enjoying more adventures together. We'll cover everything from setting up a consistent routine to understanding how breed size affects how long potty training a puppy actually takes.

That familiar panic when your dog takes off—we've all been there. It's terrifying. But what if off-leash freedom and safety could actually coexist? This guide shows you how to train a dog not to run away, so you can finally enjoy those breezy park days without the heart-stopping chase. We'll cover practical training tips and essential safety measures for worry-free adventures. Off-leash time can be a joy, and we'll show you how to make it safe.

Your dog's nose is an amazing tool. Did you know they have 40 times the olfactory receptors than humans? Scent training for dogs taps into this superpower, turning everyday moments into exciting sniff-fests. It's enriching for all types of dogs – reactive, shy, or simply adventurous. Ready to explore the world of scent work for dogs? Let's get started.

More than 80 million Americans rely on their service dogs to help them navigate the world. Task-trained assistance animals perform a huge range of life-changing—in many cases, life-saving—services: These dogs act as eyes for visually impaired handlers, provide mobility support, alert to seizures and blood sugar crashes, interrupt anxiety attacks, remind their people to take medications, and so much more.

You thought those dreaded middle-of-the-night potty breaks were over. You were finally free from cleaning up puppy puddles. Then, suddenly, your furry friend starts having accidents again. It's frustrating, right? This puppy potty training regression is more common than you think. Don't worry; we'll help you get your pup back on track. We'll cover the common causes, offer practical solutions, and give you actionable steps to tackle this challenge together.

It's a cringe-worthy moment every dog owner dreads: your furry friend chowing down on something truly disgusting. If your dog has a penchant for poop, you're dealing with coprophagia. It's more common than you think, and thankfully, often manageable. This article explores the reasons behind dirty dog syndrome, from instinct to learned behavior. We'll also give you practical tips to help break this unpleasant habit.

* All Sniffspot articles are reviewed by certified trainers for quality, please see bottom of article for details *

Dog sledding. It's the stuff of legends, inspiring movies like Eight Below and heroic tales like Balto's life-saving run. But what is dog sledding really all about beyond the Hollywood portrayal? This guide explores everything from the basics of mushing to specialized topics like types of dog sleds and sled dog training. We'll even touch on how to build a dog sled yourself. Ready to discover the real world of dog sledding? Let's go.

Searching for the best public dog parks in your area can feel overwhelming, especially when you're trying to find that perfect spot where your pup can safely socialize and burn off energy. Whether you're exploring local dog parks in a new neighborhood or researching US dog parks for an upcoming trip, knowing what separates amazing facilities from disappointing ones can save you time, frustration, and potentially dangerous situations.

Thinking about adding a Jack Russell Terrier to your family? These small but mighty dogs pack a ton of personality. From their playful energy to their clever antics, there's a lot to love about a Jack Russell. But before you jump in, it's smart to learn about their unique needs. We asked nearly 100 Jack Russell owners on Sniffspot for their best advice. This guide covers everything from training and exercise to health and the everyday joys (and challenges!) of living with a Jack Russell. Get ready to build an amazing bond with your new energetic companion.

Watching your dog run free is pure joy—it’s what places like Sniffspot are all about. But do dogs need off-leash time to thrive? It's a valid question, especially with busy schedules or if your dog's recall isn't reliable. This article explores the benefits and risks of off-leash adventures, plus smart ways to keep your dog happy and healthy, even on-leash. We'll also discuss whether you can keep your dog on a leash all day and cover essential safety tips. Keep reading to learn how to make the best choice for your dog.

Off-leash exercise is great for dogs. We all want our furry friends to socialize and burn off energy. Many owners turn to dog parks for this, but are dog parks good or bad? It's a valid question. While the idea of a dedicated space for dogs to play sounds paw-some, the reality can be more complicated. Let's explore the pros and cons of dog parks, helping you decide if they're right for your pup, and look at some alternatives to dog parks, too.

Do you have a water-loving dog looking to burn some energy? There are countless dog parks to visit throughout our country — but some of them become far too hot in the midday sun to be safe for your pets to play. That’s why we’ve put together a list of some of the best dog water parks throughout the United States! At these locations, your pup can frolic, splash, and swim to their heart’s content.

Want to explore the best dog hiking trails with your furry friend? Whether you're looking for a leisurely stroll or an adventurous trek, finding dog-friendly hiking trails can be a blast. This guide covers everything you need for a safe and fun outing, from essential gear to trail etiquette. Let's find the perfect hike for you and your pup!

Want to explore America's stunning national parks with your furry best friend? Finding truly dog-friendly national parks can be tricky. This guide makes it easy. We'll cover the essential rules and regulations for dogs in national parks, plus share tips for a smooth trip. Get ready to discover the most welcoming dog-friendly national parks the US has to offer!

Want to keep your dog active and entertained without leaving your house? You've come to the right place. This article is all about dog exercise at home. Whether you have a tiny apartment or a big backyard, we've got creative games, DIY projects, and training techniques for every dog. Get ready to strengthen your bond and unleash your dog's inner athlete!

Does your dog seem bored, anxious, or a little too interested in your slippers? Dog enrichment toys offer a simple solution. They're more than just playthings; they provide mental stimulation, burn energy, and can even ease anxiety. Whether you have a playful pup or a senior sweetheart, the right enrichment toys for dogs can transform their world (and yours!). We'll explore the best dog enrichment toys, from classic favorites to high-tech options, and help you choose the perfect one for your furry friend. * All Sniffspot articles are reviewed by certified trainers for quality, please see bottom of article for details *

Does your dog have energy to burn? A love for fetching? Then flyball might be the perfect dog sport for you both! This exciting team sport combines running, jumping, and retrieving—turning your dog's natural instincts into a thrilling competition. Whether you're a seasoned dog sports enthusiast or just curious about flyball training for dogs, this guide covers everything you need to know to get started.

Want a fun new way to exercise with your dog? Try bikejoring! This exciting dog sport combines cycling with the energy of your furry friend. Whether you're wondering what is bikejoring, looking for bikejoring training tips, or searching for bikejoring near me, this guide has you covered. We'll cover everything from essential gear to safety precautions, so you and your pup can hit the trails safely and happily.

What is bikejoring?

Key Takeaways

• Bikejoring requires a fit and enthusiastic dog. A love of running and pulling, combined with physical fitness, makes for a happy bikejoring companion. Prioritize your dog's comfort and enjoyment above all else.


• Proper equipment and training are essential for safe bikejoring. Invest in a quality harness, bungee line, and bike attachments. Thorough training on essential commands is crucial before hitting the trails.


• Connecting with other bikejorers can enrich your experience. Seek out online and local communities for valuable advice, training tips, and camaraderie. Learning from experienced enthusiasts can make your bikejoring journey smoother and more enjoyable.

Is Bikejoring for Me and My Dog?

Dog Breed Considerations

Health and Fitness Requirements

Bikejoring history

Why is it called bikejoring?

Popularity of bikejoring

Herding dogs are amazing, intelligent companions. But that also means they need more than just a simple game of fetch. Finding the right toys for herding dogs is key to keeping them happy and stimulated. This article explores some of the best toys for herding dogs, including options specifically for breeds like Border Collies and Australian Shepherds. We'll help you discover the perfect herding toys for dogs to tap into their natural instincts and keep them entertained for hours.

Does your dog destroy every toy you give them? Is your house littered with the remnants of plush toys? Are you tired of wasting money on "indestructible" dog toys for aggressive chewers that don't last? Then this post is for you. We'll cover everything you need to know about finding the best dog toys for aggressive chewers, so you can finally give your pup something safe, durable, and fun.

Everyone knows dogs need exercise, but how much is enough? Walks are great, but creating a truly balanced fitness plan means understanding your dog's specific needs. This post helps you develop a daily exercise calculator for your dog, considering breed, age, and lifestyle. We'll cover fun activities, understanding exercise intensity, and recognizing when your pup has had enough. Let's create a plan that keeps your dog happy and healthy!

* All Sniffspot articles are reviewed by certified trainers for quality, please see bottom of article for details *

Ever feel like your dog is restless or bored? They may be getting enough exercise, but still need more. That's where enrichment activities for dogs come in. Giving your dog opportunities to sniff, explore, and problem-solve can make a world of difference. Whether you have a puppy, adult, or senior dog, enriching their environment is key for their well-being. Let's explore how to add cognitive enrichment for dogs, even tailoring activities to your dog's breed with breed specific enrichment and fun enrichment games for dogs.

* All Sniffspot articles are reviewed by certified trainers for quality, please see bottom of article for details *

* All Sniffspot articles are reviewed by certified trainers for quality, please see bottom of article for details *

German Shepherds: loyal companions, intelligent workers, and sometimes, the subject of an unfair stereotype. Are German Shepherds aggressive? It's a question many people ask, and one we're going to answer honestly. From breed history and genetics to training and socialization, we'll unpack the factors that influence a GSD's behavior. We'll even offer practical tips for building a strong, positive relationship with your German Shepherd. Let's separate fact from fiction and appreciate these incredible dogs for who they truly are.

Many dogs have gotten a bad reputation over the years for being "dangerous breeds." Rottweilers are among them. Like pit bulls and other large, blocky-headed types of dogs, these powerful and beautiful animals are often assumed to be aggressive.

Living with a reactive dog can make simple outings feel like a challenge. We get it. But what if those everyday adventures could become enjoyable again? This post offers practical advice and resources for reactive dog training, helping you understand your dog's triggers and build positive experiences. We'll cover finding the right trainer, creating a supportive home environment, and even discovering where to walk a reactive dog so you can both start enjoying calmer walks together. Let's work towards a happier, less stressful life with your furry friend.

Is your puppy's leash pulling turning walks into a wrestling match? Don't worry, you're not alone. Many new puppy owners struggle with puppy training for leash aggression. This guide will help you understand why your puppy acts out on the leash, tell the difference between excitement and true aggression, and give you simple, effective training techniques. Let's turn those frustrating walks into fun adventures for both of you!

Does your sweet dog suddenly transform into a barking, lunging gremlin at the sight of a fence? You're dealing with barrier aggression in dogs (also known as barrier reactivity or barrier frustration). It's a common struggle. Walks become stressful. Backyard time becomes a symphony of barks. But don't worry, there's hope! This post offers practical tips and training exercises to manage your dog's barrier reactive outbursts. We'll help you build a stronger bond and raise a calmer, more confident pup. Learn more about barrier reactivity and how to manage barrier aggression.

Does your dog suddenly transform into a barking, lunging Tasmanian devil on walks? It's stressful for both of you. If this sounds familiar, you might have a reactive dog. Understanding what is a reactive dog is the first step to calmer walks. We'll explore the common triggers and give you actionable strategies to manage and modify this behavior. Let's turn those stressful walks into enjoyable outings.

Does your dog display reactivity to other pets or people? Maybe they’re a new rescue pup and are still settling into your home. Or they were sick growing up, so you missed their critical socialization period. Possibly they’ve had a bad experience after being raised as a normal puppy.

Is your dog overly excited or fearful around other dogs? Do they bark, lunge, or whine? You might have a reactive dog. Many dog owners face this challenge. Understanding what a reactive dog is is the first step to helping them. This guide explores the common causes of dog reactivity, explains what makes a dog reactive, and offers practical tips and resources. Let's work together to build a stronger bond with your dog and enjoy stress-free walks.

Does your dog's reactivity make walks stressful? You're not alone. Many dog owners face similar challenges. This guide offers practical advice and support for managing reactivity, including finding the best online dog training for reactive dogs. We'll connect you with reactive dog support groups, share training tips, and explore resources like the best dog training app for reactive dogs. Let's build a stronger bond with your dog, together.
* All Sniffspot articles are reviewed by certified trainers for quality, please see bottom of article for details *

* All Sniffspot articles are reviewed by certified trainers for quality, please see bottom of article for details *

From 2009 to 2020, there was a 40 percent increase in the development of public dog parks. Designated spots for canine exercise have become commonplace in every major city in North America — many pet owners won’t even consider renting an apartment that doesn’t have its own fenced-in pet area for their canine companions.

Searching for the best public dog parks in your area can feel overwhelming, especially when you're trying to find that perfect spot where your pup can safely socialize and burn off energy. Whether you're exploring local dog parks in a new neighborhood or researching US dog parks for an upcoming trip, knowing what separates amazing facilities from disappointing ones can save you time, frustration, and potentially dangerous situations.

Thousand Oaks, California has been a safe haven for Sniffspot host, Jen, since childhood. Having grown up in busy Santa Barbara, Jen, an introvert from an early age, would seek out solitude and serenity away from tourists attractions and droves of people visiting from elsewhere. “My grandparents own 60 acres about a 30 minute drive from here, and I grew up spending every summer and every holiday visiting them on the ranch,” Jen explained. “In Santa Barbara, we wouldn't go to the beach on the weekend because that's where everybody was, so you'd find places off the beaten path where the tourists weren't. For me, the ranch was just my happy place.” 

Ellen is the host of Country Pasture Getaway, one of Sniffspot's most popular sniff spots. She has taken the time to write up the lessons she has learned about how to be a great sniff spot host.

Just 20 minutes outside of the busy city of Portland, Oregon, and settled right on the banks of the Columbia River, you’ll find what countless visitors have flocked to the area in search of – mountain views, crisp, clean air, and running water for miles. What you might not expect to find, however, is a hidden oasis designed just for dogs and their people, owned and operated by a farming couple and enjoyed by visitors on two legs, and four.  

Fran is the host of Ranch Setting, one of Sniffspot's most popular spots. She has taken the time to write up the lessons she has learned about how to be a great Sniffspot host.

This is the story of a family and dog rescuing each other.

Finding a great big dog run Philadelphia can be tough. So many parks are crowded or just too small. This guide simplifies your search. We're covering the best dog parks in Philly, from public favorites to private Sniffspots. Plus, we'll explore other dog-friendly things to do in Philadelphia. Let's find the perfect spot for your pup to play!

Philadelphia Dog Parks: Public & Private Options

Finding the perfect off-leash dog park in Denver can be ruff! From crowded public parks to hidden gems, this guide explores the best spots for your pup's next adventure. We'll cover popular public parks and introduce you to Sniffspot, a platform connecting dog owners with private, vetted off-leash areas in Denver and beyond. Let's find your dog's new favorite place to play!

Denver Dog Parks: Public vs. Private

Looking for the perfect dog park near me in Atlanta? This guide covers everything from public off-leash areas to private fenced-in spots. We'll help you find the best fit for your pup, whether you're looking for a quick romp or a private dog park near me rental.

Find the Perfect Dog Park in Atlanta: Public & Private Options

Discovering the best dog beaches where your furry friend can splash, swim, and play in the sand is pure tail-wagging bliss! From the scenic Highway 1 coastline of Central California to hidden coastal gems across the country, we've sniffed out the most paw-fect beach destinations for you and your four-legged companion.

Finding a safe place for your dog to run free can be tricky. A securely fenced dog park offers peace of mind, especially if your pup is an escape artist. This guide explores public and private dog parks, including the benefits of renting a private spot, especially through Sniffspot. Whether you're searching for a "sniffspot near me" for a quick playdate or need a dedicated training space, we'll help you find the perfect fit for your furry friend. We'll also cover Sniffspot's pricing, Sniffpass, and how to create your own private dog park.

Looking for a space to play with your dog no matter what the weather’s like outside? Look no further than our list of the best indoor dog parks in the United States! These climate-controlled spaces are growing in popularity as pet ownership increases throughout the country. As a bonus, many of them also offer dog training, boarding, grooming, or daycare services on the premises.

Searching for the best public dog parks in your area can feel overwhelming, especially when you're trying to find that perfect spot where your pup can safely socialize and burn off energy. Whether you're exploring local dog parks in a new neighborhood or researching US dog parks for an upcoming trip, knowing what separates amazing facilities from disappointing ones can save you time, frustration, and potentially dangerous situations.

Is your pup giving you those pleading "let me run free" eyes? Whether you're a new dog parent or a seasoned pro looking for fresh adventures, finding the perfect off-leash paradise for your furry friend can feel ruff! From sun-soaked California beaches where your water-loving lab can make a splash to mountain trails in Vermont where your adventure buddy can chase every scent, we've sniffed out the 15 best dog parks across America.

Looking for the perfect dog park near me in Las Vegas? You're in luck! This guide explores all the best options for your pup, from public dog parks to private dog parks near me on Sniffspot. We'll help you find the ideal spot for playtime, socializing, and fresh air. Plus, we'll cover essential etiquette and safety tips to ensure a happy visit for everyone. Get ready for some tail-wagging fun!

Looking for the perfect dog park? Whether you need a wide-open public space or a private, fenced-in spot, this guide will help you find the best dog parks across the US. We'll cover top-rated public parks, the perks of private dog parks, and even explore Sniffspot locations – giving your pup a safe and fun place to play. Ready to find your dog's new favorite spot? Let's go!

Ready to discover Portland's best dog parks? Whether you're looking for a public park or the unique experience of a private Sniffspot, this guide has you covered. We'll help you find the perfect spot for your pup, with tips on what to bring, how to prepare, and even understanding dog body language. Plus, we'll explore some top Portland dog parks, including public and Sniffspot options, so you can plan your next dog-friendly adventure in the City of Roses.

Portland Dog Parks: Public & Private Options

Finding the perfect dog park for your small breed can be ruff! Big dog parks can be overwhelming, even dangerous, for little pups. This comprehensive guide helps you sniff out the best small dog parks for your pint-sized companion, covering everything from essential safety checklists to top recommendations for small dog parks across the US—including both public spots and private dog parks.

The German Shepherd Dog (GSDs) are known for their intelligence, loyalty, and striking appearance. They're also incredibly versatile, excelling as working dogs and devoted family companions. This guide covers everything you need to know about GSDs, from understanding their unique traits and rich history to practical advice on training and care. So, whether you're a seasoned GSD owner or just starting your research, let's explore this remarkable breed together.

Discover the Doberman Pinscher, a breed celebrated for its alert, loyal, and trainable nature. Considered a large dog, Doberman Pinschers were originally bred in Germany for guarding, protection, and police work beginning in the 1890s.

Discover the Staffordshire Bull Terrier, a breed celebrated for its loyal, playful, and friendly nature. Recognized as a medium-sized dog, Staffordshire Bull Terriers originated in the United Kingdom, where they were initially bred for bull-baiting and later for dog fighting starting in the early 19th century.

Discover the French Bulldog, a breed celebrated for its playful, friendly, and curious nature. Recognized as a small dog, French Bulldogs have their origins in France, where they were initially bred for companionship starting in the 1800s century.

Discover the Yorkshire Terrier, a breed celebrated for its playful, friendly, and intelligent nature. Recognized as a small dog, Yorkshire Terriers have their origins in England, where they were initially bred for hunting vermin in textile mills and mines starting in the mid-19th century.

Discover the Bull Terrier, a breed celebrated for its playful, friendly, and alert nature. Recognized as a medium dog, Bull Terriers have their origins in England, where they were initially bred for fighting and bull-baiting starting in the early 19th century.

Discover the Pomeranian, a breed celebrated for its friendly, intelligent, and loyal nature. Recognized as a small toy dog, Pomeranians have their origins in Germany, where they were initially bred for herding starting in the 18th century.

Dalmatians: those iconic spotted dogs. But what's it really like to own one? Beyond the Disney movies, real-life dalmatian owners know these dogs require a lot more than just love. From understanding their unique health needs to mastering their training, there's much to learn. This guide, backed by insights from nearly 100 real-life dalmatian owners, offers practical advice for both new and prospective dalmatian owners.

Thinking about adding a Jack Russell Terrier to your family? These small but mighty dogs pack a ton of personality. From their playful energy to their clever antics, there's a lot to love about a Jack Russell. But before you jump in, it's smart to learn about their unique needs. We asked nearly 100 Jack Russell owners on Sniffspot for their best advice. This guide covers everything from training and exercise to health and the everyday joys (and challenges!) of living with a Jack Russell. Get ready to build an amazing bond with your new energetic companion.

Searching for the best public dog parks in your area can feel overwhelming, especially when you're trying to find that perfect spot where your pup can safely socialize and burn off energy. Whether you're exploring local dog parks in a new neighborhood or researching US dog parks for an upcoming trip, knowing what separates amazing facilities from disappointing ones can save you time, frustration, and potentially dangerous situations.

Discover the Labrador Retriever, a breed celebrated for its playful nature, affectionate temperament, and trainability. Labradors are known for their friendly demeanor and adaptability, making them perfect family companions and versatile working dogs. As one of the most popular types of retrievers, Labs are ideal companions for various lifestyles and are recognized by the American Kennel Club (AKC) as an excellent breed for families.

Golden Retrievers: they're gorgeous, playful, and incredibly popular. But before you welcome one into your home, you need the right golden retriever advice. This guide draws on the wisdom of nearly 10,000 Golden Retriever owners, offering practical tips for caring for these affectionate dogs. From understanding their high energy levels to mastering grooming and training, we'll cover everything you need to know. So whether you're already a devoted Golden parent or just starting your research, get ready to learn how to give your furry friend the best possible care.

Think American Staffordshire Terriers are tough? Think again. While their muscular build might intimidate some, these dogs are known for their playful and loyal personalities. This guide draws on the experience of nearly 10,000 AmStaff owners to reveal the truth about this often misunderstood breed. Want to learn more about caring for an American Staffordshire Terrier? You're in the right place.

Discover the Australian Shepherd, an AKC breed celebrated for its trainable, playful, and affectionate nature. Despite its name, the Australian Shepherd is actually a native breed to the United States, originally developed to breed on farms and ranches. Considered a medium dog, Australian Shepherds were bred for herding beginning in the 1950s. As one of the high-energy breeds, Aussies are known for their boundless energy and need for regular exercise, including aerobic exercise.

Discover the Siberian Husky, a breed celebrated for its curious, intelligent, and loyal nature. Considered a medium-sized dog, Siberian Huskies were originally bred in Russia for sledding, beginning in the early 20th Century. Today, they're one of the most popular active breeds in North America.