This is a list of the top dog trainers in Wisconsin, based on votes from the Sniffspot community and the general public.
Certified Professional Dog Trainer- Knowledge Assessed, CPDT-KA
Reactive dog training, Agility training, In home training, Puppy training
Oshkosh, Winnebago County, Northeastern WI
Lynsie Bernier is the owner of Ideal DOG and brings 30 years in the animal care field to the business. Lynsie has worked in nearly every capacity of professional animal care since 1993.
Over the last 18 years Lynsie has focused her career on dog training and behavior. Her credentials and memberships include:
Certified Professional Dog Trainer (CPDT-KA)
Approved AKC Canine...
Aggressive dog training, Deaf dog training, Reactive dog training, In home training, Off leash training, Puppy training
Dane County and surrounding areas
With DBF since: 1999Areas of expertise: Families with dogs and children, general training, puppies and reactive/ aggressive dogsEducation: Bachelor's degree in zoology and psychology from UW-MadisonI have always had a passion for animals. My grandfather was a large animal veterinarian. As time went on I was going to pursue a degree as a veterinary technician. A local veterinarian directed me to...
CPDT-KA, ACDBC, Force Free Trainers of Wisconsin
Aggressive dog training, Deaf dog training, Reactive dog training, In home training, Off leash training, Puppy training
Milwaukee County, Waukesha County, Washington County, Ozaukee County
Brittany has always had a strong love of animals, which she fostered from an early age with her participation in horseback riding, as well as her volunteer work at the humane society.
After graduating high school, Brittany went to UW Madison to pursue a degree in veterinary medicine. Dog training wasn't a popular career option at the time, so veterinary medicine was the career recommen...
CPDT-KA, CBCC-KA
Aggressive dog training, Reactive dog training, Off leash training
Midwestern Wisconsin
Heather got her start in dogs at the age of 10 years old in 4H. Showing in local shows, and doing some grooming of the neighbor dogs prepped her for a life in the dog world. She has a degree in dietetics from UW Madison, and worked in healthcare for 13 years before leaving to go into dogs full time. She opened emBARK in 2006 and they offer dog daycare, group training classes, grooming, canin...
KPA CTP, CPDT-KA, Fear Free Trainer, Predation Substitute Trainer, Family Dog Mediator, Certified Trick Dog Instructor, Pro Dog Trainer
Aggressive dog training, Reactive dog training, In home training, Off leash training, Puppy training
Madison & Surrounding Communities
Jessica Cady-Bartholomew believes in training and educating efficiently with kindness and compassion. She uses the latest and best methods in animal learning to ensure that you and your pup are reaching your goals and having a great time doing it.
A Madison native, with a degrees in sociology & recreation, Jess has made the commitment to help people and their dogs lead their very best ...
CTC, CDBC, CSAT, SA PRO, CPDT-KA
Aggressive dog training, Reactive dog training, In home training, Puppy training
We are based in the Milwaukee, WI metro area, and work remotely with clients worldwide.
Jennifer Pratt, CTC, CSAT, SA Pro, CDBC, CPDT-KA, is the founder of Wag the Dog and Company. She is a graduate of Jean Donaldson's prestigious Academy for Dog Trainers where she earned her certificate in training and counseling (CTC) and honored to be on their speaker roster for conferences and seminars.Jennifer is also a graduate of two renowned trainers and authors widely-recognized as the a...
CPDT-KA, CBCC-KA
Reactive dog training, In home training, Puppy training
Waukesha County
I have been training people to train their dogs for 9 years at Best Paw Forward. I am a certified dog trainer through APDT and just recently received my certification in behavior. Prior to do dog training, I was a Registered Nurse for 25 years. I have 3 dogs at home, 2 Keeshonds and a Great Pyrenees/Hound mix.
M.S., CPDT-KA, IAABC-ADT, FFCP, LFDM-T, LFDM-L
Aggressive dog training, Deaf dog training, Reactive dog training, In home training, Puppy training
I am based in La Crosse, Wisconsin and serve the surrounding Wisconsin, Minnesota & Iowa communities with a 50-60 mile radius. La Crosse County (e.g., La Crosse, Onalaska, West Salem, Holmen), Jackson County (e.g., Mindoro, Melrose), Buffalo County (e.g., Alma, Fountain City), Monroe County (e.g., Sparta, Tomah, Warrens, Cashton), Trempealeau County (e.g., Trempealeau, Galesville, Whitehall), Vernon County (e.g., Stoddard, Viroqua, Westby), Winona County (e.g., Winona), Houston County (e.g., Houston, Hokah, Caledonia). I serve clients all over the country with virtual training sessions.
Prior to entering the world of dog training, I received two Bachelor of Science degrees (Biology and Animal Science) and a Master of Science degree in Biology from Montana State University. For over 20 years, I taught human anatomy and physiology at the university level. My dog training experience includes teaching in-person and virtual group classes and private in-home and virtual lessons for...
Agility training
Southeastern Wisconsin
Rachel began her professional life as a dancer and K-12 educator, and has been teaching workshops for children and adults since 1995. She made the leap to dog training in 2006, and found a natural fit for her experience in dance, education, and psychology. Helping students to develop an awareness of themselves and their canine teammates through movement and clear communication is an integral pa...
ITA Therapy Dog Evaluator, AKC Canine Good Citizen Evaluator, a member of the Association of Professional Dog Trainers, a member of The Pet Professional Guild, a member of Force Free Trainers of Wisconsin
Lisa's life-long love of dogs began at an early age, when she always had a stray dog in tow as a child. As an adult, she has had the pleasure of being owned by four dogs all shelties and has served as a professional dog trainer since 2006. She is an ITA Therapy Dog Evaluator, AKC Canine Good Citizen Evaluator, a member of the Association of Professional Dog Trainers, a member of The Pet Profess...
CBCC, CBDT
Aggressive dog training, Deaf dog training, Reactive dog training, In home training, Off leash training, Puppy training
Madison, WI and surrounding communities/rural areas. Remote, too.
Certified Behavior ConsultantEducation: UW-Madison B.S. in Psychology and Zoology, Apprenticed with Patricia McConnell, Ph.D., Graduate of Susan Friedman Ph.D.'s Living and Learning with Animal ProgramCertifications: CBCC-KA CPDT-KA Chelse has always been passionate about animals and started her professional career in sheltering in 1994, working for the Dane County Humane Society where she was...
School for the Dog Certified Professional Trainer
Reactive dog training, In home training, Puppy training
Milwaukee, WI and the greater Milwaukee area
Sara Caron is a School For The Dogs Certified Professional Trainer.
Sara completed SFTD's rigorous, 6 month long apprenticeship program focusing on the fundamentals of animal behavior and learning and practical dog training skills in 2021.
She shares a home with a husky mix, Bun Chan, terrier puppy, Chilli, and cats Little Oatie and Goo.
She holds a BFA in Integrate...
CPDT-KA (Certified Professional Dog Trainer - Knowledge Assessed)
Claudia is a member of the Pet Professional Guild (PPG) and an AKC Canine Good Citizen Evaluator. Claudia spends many hours listening to training podcasts, taking on-line courses, and webinars, as well as attending as many seminars and conferences as she can.In Claudia's words: "I have enjoyed my time and experience with all of the dogs with which I have been privileged to share my life. They h...
BS, CVT, CPDT
Aggressive dog training, Reactive dog training, In home training, Off leash training, Puppy training
Madison, Dane County
I have been in the dog behavior business for over 20 years.
Agility training
Elaine joined the team at the beginning of 2021 as an assistant and became a lead instructor by the end of 2021.
In Elaine's words: "All of my dogs are so special. My yellow lab rescue, Bo, has been a therapy dog for many years. We visited a local elementary school for over 13 years teaching kindergarteners and first graders the love of reading. Bo and I trained at Best Paw Forward many yea...
Associate Certified Cat Behavior Consultant - IAABC Associate Certified Dog Behavior Consultant - IAABC Fear Free Certified Professional - Trainer Certified Separation Anxiety Trainer Bachelor of Science in Animal Ecology
Aggressive dog training, Deaf dog training, Reactive dog training, In home training, Puppy training
In-person services within a 40 mile radius of Wyocena, WI. Virtual training is offered worldwide!
Homeward Bound Behavior and Training, LLC is owned by Emily Blythe. Emily has over 15 years of experience helping families and pets in need. She got her start in Nebraska, moved to Iowa, and now her journey has brought her to Wisconsin! She has extensive experience working in animal shelters and veterinary clinics. She specializes in feline, canine, and avian behavior and implements behavior m...
ABC Certified Dog Trainer
Puppy training
Baraboo & it's surrounding areas, Wisconsin Dells
My name is Pam Collar and I am a graduate of Animal Behavior College (ABC) where I earned my certification as an ABC Certified Dog Trainer. Animal Behavior College (ABC) is approved by the Bureau for Private Postsecondary and Vocational Education and is an internationally recognized school. My year long commitment to this program has provided me with a formal education in canine obedience train...
CPDT-KA
Agility training
Greater Madison Area
Brianne first joined Teacher's Pet in 2004. While her training journey took her away from Teacher's Pet for a bit, we are so delighted to welcome her back in 2022! Brianne's love for animals started young and when she went to college at UW Madison, she got her bachelor of science in Zoology. She became a certified professional dog trainer (CPDT-KA) in 2006 and has diligently kept up on her co...
Service dog training, Board and train, Puppy training
Benton, WI
Here's the story where you learn about a girl with a Master's in mechanical engineering who ended up running Angelic Paws Dog Training. While the two may not seem to have a lot in common on the outside, I found that my love of problem-solving was a perfect fit for helping dogs become better pets and for humans to become better owners.
You and your dog deserve to have a great life toget...
With DBF since: 1999Areas of expertise: Families with dogs and children, general training, puppies and reactive/ aggressive dogsEducation: Bachelor's degree in zoology and psychology from UW-MadisonI have always had a passion for animals. My grandfather was a large animal veterinarian. As time went on I was going to pursue a degree as a veterinary technician. A local veterinarian directed me to...
Jessica Cady-Bartholomew believes in training and educating efficiently with kindness and compassion. She uses the latest and best methods in animal learning to ensure that you and your pup are reaching your goals and having a great time doing it.
A Madison native, with a degrees in sociology & recreation, Jess has made the commitment to help people and their dogs lead their very best ...
Certified Behavior ConsultantEducation: UW-Madison B.S. in Psychology and Zoology, Apprenticed with Patricia McConnell, Ph.D., Graduate of Susan Friedman Ph.D.'s Living and Learning with Animal ProgramCertifications: CBCC-KA CPDT-KA Chelse has always been passionate about animals and started her professional career in sheltering in 1994, working for the Dane County Humane Society where she was...
Brittany has always had a strong love of animals, which she fostered from an early age with her participation in horseback riding, as well as her volunteer work at the humane society.
After graduating high school, Brittany went to UW Madison to pursue a degree in veterinary medicine. Dog training wasn't a popular career option at the time, so veterinary medicine was the career recommen...
Jennifer Pratt, CTC, CSAT, SA Pro, CDBC, CPDT-KA, is the founder of Wag the Dog and Company. She is a graduate of Jean Donaldson's prestigious Academy for Dog Trainers where she earned her certificate in training and counseling (CTC) and honored to be on their speaker roster for conferences and seminars.Jennifer is also a graduate of two renowned trainers and authors widely-recognized as the a...
I have been training people to train their dogs for 9 years at Best Paw Forward. I am a certified dog trainer through APDT and just recently received my certification in behavior. Prior to do dog training, I was a Registered Nurse for 25 years. I have 3 dogs at home, 2 Keeshonds and a Great Pyrenees/Hound mix.
Welcome to Wisconsin’s list of top dog trainers. The Wisconsin list is based on 943 votes from the Sniffspot community. Only the Wisconsin dog trainers with the top number of votes made this list. Trainers are ordered by number of votes, with Lynsie Bernier at the top of this list with 215 votes.
Our rankings include trainers certified by CPDT-KA and CPDT-KA. They also specialize in Puppy training, In home training amongst other training programs.
Wisconsin dog trainer services include:
Dog trainers in Wisconsin selflessly set pets up for success. Lynsie Bernier shares why they chose this path: A lifetime of working in the animal care field including sheltering, I realized the best way to help animals and people was from the ground up. Teaching animals and people effective communication leads to happier pets and people in everything we do together. From sharing our home, getting the health care and grooming they need, to sharing the outside world, training makes life with dogs the best it can be!. All 34 trainers on this Wisconsin list are committed to positive reinforcement. Trusted Wisconsin trainer, Shannon Skolaski, uses the following methods: The term positive has at least two meanings in dog training. One is positive, as in dog-friendly. In that sense, Dog's Best Friend Training is all about positive dog training. We train with food reinforcement or clicker training and do not use force, shouting, or other negative forms of coercion to train dogs. The other use of positive in dog training is as a technical Learning Theory term. In that sense, there is positive reinforcement and positive punishment, among other things. In those terms, positive just means you're giving the dog something, in the mathematical sense of addition. You're giving treats or giving pain/annoyance. So in that usage, positive dog trainer doesn't make sense. Positive dog training is the way to go!.
Explore the top dog trainers in Wisconsin as voted by our community:
A lifetime of working in the animal care field including sheltering, I realized the best way to help animals and people was from the ground up. Teaching animals and people effective communication leads to happier pets and people in everything we do together. From sharing our home, getting the health care and grooming they need, to sharing the outside world, training makes life with dogs the best it can be!/. Similarly, Shannon Skolaski and Brittany Rose have unique motivations, withI have always had a passion for animals and a love of teaching. Finding Patricia McConnell opened the best of both worlds.andI became a dog trainer so I could teach clients how to effectively communicate with their dog as well as listen to what their dog has to say. Better communication means a stronger bond! It's not just about the dog or the person, but the teamwork between the two.driving their passion.
Be keen observers of your dog's communication and voice, listen closely and respond compassionately always..
I enjoy the diversity of every day. My favorite part is helping families understand their dog and really being able to communicate effectively., and
I enjoy the diversity of every day. My favorite part is helping families understand their dog and really being able to communicate effectively., respectively.
We are Certified Professional Dog Trainers who use positive reinforcement and follow LIMA. We offer behavior consultations and lessons at our training facilities, in your home, over phone or ZOOM.. Meanwhile, Shannon Skolaski says:
The term positive has at least two meanings in dog training. One is positive, as in dog-friendly. In that sense, Dog's Best Friend Training is all about positive dog training. We train with food reinforcement or clicker training and do not use force, shouting, or other negative forms of coercion to train dogs. The other use of positive in dog training is as a technical Learning Theory term. In that sense, there is positive reinforcement and positive punishment, among other things. In those terms, positive just means you're giving the dog something, in the mathematical sense of addition. You're giving treats or giving pain/annoyance. So in that usage, positive dog trainer doesn't make sense. Positive dog training is the way to go!. As you can see, there are diverse approaches to Reactive dog training in Wisconsin.
Discover the Great Dane, a breed celebrated for its friendly, affectionate, and curious nature. Recognized as a large dog, Great Danes have their origins in Germany, where they were initially bred for hunting and guarding starting in the 16th century.
* All Sniffspot articles are reviewed by certified trainers for quality, please see bottom of article for details *
Finding the perfect dog park in Seattle can be tricky. Public dog parks can get crowded and sometimes feel a little chaotic. Looking for a safe, private alternative? This guide explores the pros and cons of public dog parks in Seattle and introduces you to Sniffspot. We'll also share a handy checklist to help you prepare for any dog park adventure, ensuring a fun and stress-free experience for both you and your furry friend.
* All Sniffspot articles are reviewed by certified trainers for quality, please see bottom of article for details *
Dog sledding. It's the stuff of legends, inspiring movies like Eight Below and heroic tales like Balto's life-saving run. But what is dog sledding really all about beyond the Hollywood portrayal? This guide explores everything from the basics of mushing to specialized topics like types of dog sleds and sled dog training. We'll even touch on how to build a dog sled yourself. Ready to discover the real world of dog sledding? Let's go.
Flying with your dog on American Airlines? Understanding their pet policy is key to a smooth trip. This guide covers everything about the American Airlines pet policy, from carrier requirements and fees to tips from seasoned pet travelers in the Sniffspot community. Let's make sure your trip is paw-sitive from start to finish.
Does your dog ever growl when you walk by their food dish? Maybe they get possessive of treats, carrying them far away and giving you side-eye when you start to approach — or snarling at your other pets or children if they get too close.
As almost every dog owner is aware, the nose of a dog is an amazing thing. Just as they can pick up sounds we can’t hear, their sense of smell and ability to pick up scents is well beyond ours. In fact, dogs have 40 times the number of olfactory receptors as humans.
More than 80 million Americans rely on their service dogs to help them navigate the world. Task-trained assistance animals perform a huge range of life-changing—in many cases, life-saving—services: These dogs act as eyes for visually impaired handlers, provide mobility support, alert to seizures and blood sugar crashes, interrupt anxiety attacks, remind their people to take medications, and so much more.
You thought those dreaded middle-of-the-night potty breaks were over. You were finally free from cleaning up puppy puddles. Then, suddenly, your furry friend starts having accidents again. It's frustrating, right? This puppy potty training regression is more common than you think. Don't worry; we'll help you get your pup back on track. We'll cover the common causes, offer practical solutions, and give you actionable steps to tackle this challenge together.
It's a cringe-worthy moment every dog owner dreads: your furry friend chowing down on something truly disgusting. If your dog has a penchant for poop, you're dealing with coprophagia. It's more common than you think, and thankfully, often manageable. This article explores the reasons behind dirty dog syndrome, from instinct to learned behavior. We'll also give you practical tips to help break this unpleasant habit.
Do you have a water-loving dog looking to burn some energy? There are countless dog parks to visit throughout our country — but some of them become far too hot in the midday sun to be safe for your pets to play. That’s why we’ve put together a list of some of the best dog water parks throughout the United States! At these locations, your pup can frolic, splash, and swim to their heart’s content.
Herding dogs are amazing, intelligent companions. But that also means they need more than just a simple game of fetch. Finding the right toys for herding dogs is key to keeping them happy and stimulated. This article explores some of the best toys for herding dogs, including options specifically for breeds like Border Collies and Australian Shepherds. We'll help you discover the perfect herding toys for dogs to tap into their natural instincts and keep them entertained for hours.
Does your dog destroy every toy you give them? Is your house littered with remnants of fabric and stuffing of all different sizes? Are you tired of investing in “indestructible” toys only for your pup to still dismantle—or worse, get bored of—them in just a few days?
Everyone knows dogs need exercise, but how much is enough? Walks are great, but creating a truly balanced fitness plan means understanding your dog's specific needs. This post helps you develop a daily exercise calculator for your dog, considering breed, age, and lifestyle. We'll cover fun activities, understanding exercise intensity, and recognizing when your pup has had enough. Let's create a plan that keeps your dog happy and healthy!
* All Sniffspot articles are reviewed by certified trainers for quality, please see bottom of article for details *
Many dogs have gotten a bad reputation over the years for being "dangerous breeds." Rottweilers are among them. Like pit bulls and other large, blocky-headed types of dogs, these powerful and beautiful animals are often assumed to be aggressive.
Does your dog suddenly transform into a barking, lunging Tasmanian devil on walks? It's stressful for both of you. If this sounds familiar, you might have a reactive dog. Understanding what is a reactive dog is the first step to calmer walks. We'll explore the common triggers and give you actionable strategies to manage and modify this behavior. Let's turn those stressful walks into enjoyable outings.
Does your dog display reactivity to other pets or people? Maybe they’re a new rescue pup and are still settling into your home. Or they were sick growing up, so you missed their critical socialization period. Possibly they’ve had a bad experience after being raised as a normal puppy.
Is your dog overly excited or fearful around other dogs? Do they bark, lunge, or whine? You might have a reactive dog. Many dog owners face this challenge. Understanding what a reactive dog is is the first step to helping them. This guide explores the common causes of dog reactivity, explains what makes a dog reactive, and offers practical tips and resources. Let's work together to build a stronger bond with your dog and enjoy stress-free walks.
Does your dog's reactivity make walks stressful? You're not alone. Many dog owners face similar challenges. This guide offers practical advice and support for managing reactivity, including finding the best online dog training for reactive dogs. We'll connect you with reactive dog support groups, share training tips, and explore resources like the best dog training app for reactive dogs. Let's build a stronger bond with your dog, together.
* All Sniffspot articles are reviewed by certified trainers for quality, please see bottom of article for details *
From 2009 to 2020, there was a 40 percent increase in the development of public dog parks. Designated spots for canine exercise have become commonplace in every major city in North America — many pet owners won’t even consider renting an apartment that doesn’t have its own fenced-in pet area for their canine companions.
Thousand Oaks, California has been a safe haven for Sniffspot host, Jen, since childhood. Having grown up in busy Santa Barbara, Jen, an introvert from an early age, would seek out solitude and serenity away from tourists attractions and droves of people visiting from elsewhere. “My grandparents own 60 acres about a 30 minute drive from here, and I grew up spending every summer and every holiday visiting them on the ranch,” Jen explained. “In Santa Barbara, we wouldn't go to the beach on the weekend because that's where everybody was, so you'd find places off the beaten path where the tourists weren't. For me, the ranch was just my happy place.”
Ellen is the host of Country Pasture Getaway, one of Sniffspot's most popular sniff spots. She has taken the time to write up the lessons she has learned about how to be a great sniff spot host.
Just 20 minutes outside of the busy city of Portland, Oregon, and settled right on the banks of the Columbia River, you’ll find what countless visitors have flocked to the area in search of – mountain views, crisp, clean air, and running water for miles. What you might not expect to find, however, is a hidden oasis designed just for dogs and their people, owned and operated by a farming couple and enjoyed by visitors on two legs, and four.
Fran is the host of Ranch Setting, one of Sniffspot's most popular spots. She has taken the time to write up the lessons she has learned about how to be a great Sniffspot host.
Looking for a space to play with your dog no matter what the weather’s like outside? Look no further than our list of the best indoor dog parks in the United States! These climate-controlled spaces are growing in popularity as pet ownership increases throughout the country. As a bonus, many of them also offer dog training, boarding, grooming, or daycare services on the premises.
Searching for the best off-leash dog parks near you in the United States? Whether you're looking for public dog parks with open spaces or private, fully-fenced areas, this comprehensive guide has you covered. Discover top-rated parks across the country, plus essential tips on what to bring and what to expect for your next adventure.
Looking for the perfect dog park near me in Las Vegas? You're in luck! This guide explores all the best options for your pup, from public dog parks to private dog parks near me on Sniffspot. We'll help you find the ideal spot for playtime, socializing, and fresh air. Plus, we'll cover essential etiquette and safety tips to ensure a happy visit for everyone. Get ready for some tail-wagging fun!
Looking for the perfect dog park? Whether you need a wide-open public space or a private, fenced-in spot, this guide will help you find the best dog parks across the US. We'll cover top-rated public parks, the perks of private dog parks, and even explore Sniffspot locations – giving your pup a safe and fun place to play. Ready to find your dog's new favorite spot? Let's go!
Ready to discover Portland's best dog parks? Whether you're looking for a public park or the unique experience of a private Sniffspot, this guide has you covered. We'll help you find the perfect spot for your pup, with tips on what to bring, how to prepare, and even understanding dog body language. Plus, we'll explore some top Portland dog parks, including public and Sniffspot options, so you can plan your next dog-friendly adventure in the City of Roses.
Discover the German Shepherd Dog, a breed celebrated for its intelligence, loyalty, and versatility. Known for its impressive size and smooth, graceful movements, German Shepherds excel in various roles, including as guide, therapy, bomb detection, and police dogs, while being a devoted family companion.
Discover the Labrador Retriever, a breed celebrated for its playful nature, affectionate temperament, and trainability. Labradors are known for their friendly demeanor and adaptability, making them perfect family companions and versatile working dogs. As one of the most popular types of retrievers, Labs are ideal companions for various lifestyles and are recognized by the American Kennel Club (AKC) as an excellent breed for families.
Discover the Golden Retriever, a popular breed celebrated for its affectionate, playful, and trainable nature. Considered a large dog, Golden Retrievers were originally bred in Scotland for hunting and retrieving game beginning in the 1860s. Today, they're recognized by the Kennel Club and the American Kennel Club (AKC) as one of the most beloved companion dog breeds.
Think American Staffordshire Terriers are tough? Think again. While their muscular build might intimidate some, these dogs are known for their playful and loyal personalities. This guide draws on the experience of nearly 10,000 AmStaff owners to reveal the truth about this often misunderstood breed. Want to learn more about caring for an American Staffordshire Terrier? You're in the right place.
Discover the Australian Shepherd, an AKC breed celebrated for its trainable, playful, and affectionate nature. Despite its name, the Australian Shepherd is actually a native breed to the United States, originally developed to breed on farms and ranches. Considered a medium dog, Australian Shepherds were bred for herding beginning in the 1950s. As one of the high-energy breeds, Aussies are known for their boundless energy and need for regular exercise, including aerobic exercise.